Essay on Becks Theory of Postpartum Depression - 1688 Words

Becks Theory of postpartum depression Theory is an attempt to explain the world around us. It is defined as a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that projects a view of phenomena by designating specific interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena. In the world of healthcare the nurse through the understanding of theories attempt to explain why nurses do what they do. Nursing theories are the creative products of nurses who seek to thoughtfully describe relationships and interactions that exist within nursing practice (Ingram, 2009). Nursing theorist Cheryl Tatano Beck (1949- present) developed a middle-rang theory that focused on postpartum depression (PPD). Beck†¦show more content†¦The SST is a subset of middle-range theory that is developed for a specific area of social concern, in this case women with PPD. Data for this theory was obtained through participant observation; analysis of the data revealed loss of control as the basic social psychological problem and was the foundation for her theory development (Beck, 2012). In relation to the nursing metaparadigm, Beck’s theory was intended for women with PPD and to serve as an educational tool for nursing students; healthcare professionals including nurses, doctors, mental health care workers and those within social services. Beck did not clearly define health; however, her focus was on mental health as PPD is a mental health disorder. Holistic health was a predominate factor in her theory, referring to the â€Å"wholeness† of a person, where the entire being, physically, emotionally, and psychologically are entwined with the environment as one. Beck determined that the interpersonal environment of the individual woman, if unstable, has an outward affect on them as well as on the family. Regardless of the setting of the individual’s environment, variables, be it rich or poor, famous or non famous, different cultures and backgrounds, all are subject to the effects of PPD (Lasiuk amp; Ferguson, 2005). Beck believed that obstetrical nurses as well as nurses outside of obstetrical nursing need to be educated to identifyShow MoreRelatedMiddle Range Theory Of Postpartum Depression Theory Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle Range Theory Paper: Analysis of Postpartum Depression Theory Description of Theory- In 1993, Beck published a middle range theory on postpartum depression, entitled Teetering on the Edge. Beck, (1993, p. 44) which describes â€Å"walking on a fine line between sanity and insanity†. Beck determined a limited amount of qualitative research available and few instruments for measurement of postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis, and â€Å"maternity blues†. Beck interviewed 12 women for 18 months detailedRead MorePostpartum Depression And The Depression1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe postpartum time period is depicted as a joyful time for mothers, but in some cases it can be a time of calamity (Jevitt, Groer, Crist, Gonzalez, Wagner, 2012). Postpartum Depression (PPD) in women after childbirth is a common occurrence. It happens in all races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. PPD is a severe depression that affects mothers after childbirth. It involves serious depression, sadness, and loneliness. Cheryl Tatano Beck is a nursing theorist who is known for her workRead MoreEssay about Cheryl Postpartum Depression Theory2852 Words   |  12 PagesA Middle Range Theory of Postpartum Depression: Analysis and Application by Jennifer R. Marsh, RN BSN Abstract: This paper examines Cheryl Tatano Beck’s middle range theory of postpartum depression: Teetering on the Edge. Concepts and definitions of the theory are outlined, as well as assumptions and propositions. The postpartum depression theory is further examined and evaluated in its relation to the field of nursing, its applicability to practice, and author’s scope of practice. Read MoreThe Anxiety Of Depression And Anxiety1413 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify his irrational beliefs that sustain his depression and anxiety, and identify the source of the disturbance in thoughts. According to REBT, Williams disturbances of sleep and headache is due to the irrational pessimistic beliefs about his future, and the worry that things will never get better. Will is keeping their emotional disturbances active by continuing to think illogically and unrealistically. According to Beck’s Cognitive Therapy theory, we must focus on changing the language that WilliamRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Chapter Mood Disorders5762 Words   |  24 Pagesworthlessness B. an altered pattern of sleep C. indecisiveness D. an inability to experience pleasure 3. Mood disorders can range from mild to severe; the most severe type of depression is called: A. major depressive disorder B. dysthymia C. cyclothymia D. profound depression 4. Most episodes of major depression are time-limited, i.e., lasting up to 3333, although about 10% last as long as two years. A. B. C. D. 3 months 6 months 9 months 1 year 5. Which of the following is a symptomRead MoreDepression : The Egyptian Remedies2115 Words   |  9 Pagesof depression People have struggled with depression for a very long time. There is much useful information about depression that has been passed on since the beginning of recorded history. Depression is as old as time. Over five thousand years ago, depression appeared in the hieroglyphics, paintings, and statue of pharaonic Egypt (Okasha Okasha, 2000). At that time, people with depression were not stigmatized (Okasha, 2001). That was a big plus. People are more likely to address depression if theyRead MoreMajor Depression and Cbt1989 Words   |  8 PagesBehavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used andRead MorePsychopathology and Individual Differences Essay2472 Words   |  10 Pagesgeneration to the next – Twin studies (MC GUFFIN et al (1996) MZ 46% concordance rate for depression – DZ 20%) ECT- Electro convulsive therapy 1. Electric current passing through brain; resetting electrical circuits 2. Mental and physical exam – IV sedation – Electrodes attached to temples – Electric current passes through – 2 or 3 treatments over a couple of weeks (then monthly) 3. Used to treat severe depression NEUROTRANSMITTER IMBALANCE: Chemicals carry information around nervous system Read MoreCognitive Behavioural Theory Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy2365 Words   |  10 Pagesresearches in the development of the cognitive behavioural approach. However, ‘the most influential pioneers in the development of CBT, was clinical psychologist Albert Ellis and psychiatrist Arron Beck’ (Edelman, 2012, p.2). According to Robertson (2010), Beck’s approach to CBT can be argued as the most influential within the current field of cognitive behavioural therapy. Cognitive behavioural therapy is an umbrella for both Ellis and Becks therapeutic approaches. Emotive behaviour therapy was coined byRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pageshis PhD from the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, England. Dr. Clark has published numerous articles on cognitive theory and therapy of depression and obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD), and is a Founding Fellow of the Academ y of Cognitive Therapy. He is coauthor, with Aaron T. Beck, of Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression and coeditor, with Mark Reinecke, of Cognitive Therapy across the Lifespan: Evidence and Practice. Drs. Clark and Beck recently

Designer Collection Of The Company Essay - 1215 Words

www.tiffany.co.jp, www.tiffany.com/au and www.tiffany.com/uk , their catalogs and through their business sales executives and independent distributors. The multiple channels help the company to reach wide variety of customers and offer their customers easy ways to reach the company which help the company to gain a lot of money. -Wide Product Portfolio: The company have a wide product mix which help them to attract more customers who have different taste and lifestyle. They offer engagement and bride jewelry, fine jewelry made from diamonds and platinum and other gemstones, jewelry that are only made from gold and silver. Their product portfolio also include the company’s designer collection: Elsa Peretti, Palmo Picasso, Frank Gehry. -Strong Operational Network: The company have jewelry manufactures in Botswana, Cambodia, Mauritius, Vietnam, Cumberland. lexington , Kentucky, the U.S., They have customer fulfillment center in Whippany , New Jersey, which is warehousing merchandi se and direct to customers orders, and a retail service center in Parsippany, New Jersey. This center is used for office and information technology operations, shipping, receiving and the rest of the distributions activities. Strong Operational Network helps the company to get the job done faster and more organized. WEAKNESS - Litigation: Tiffany co is defendant in many litigations with its employees. Kristin Rightnour was an employee at Tiffany and sued the company in 2016 because they fired herShow MoreRelatedShanghai Tang Case Study Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagescoordination of six designers have a vital importance in order to give compactness and homogeneity to the collections, the presence of a creative director is essential. Given the increasingly influential economic crisis , we realize that hiring a new creative director can be a huge responsibility, so we think it could be useful to make each new collection in collaboration with a famous designer from the world of luxury, as other fashion companies do. In fact, by hiring a designer who is well knownRead MoreWhat Makes A Fashion Designer?945 Words   |  4 PagesFashion Designer Imagine seeing people at a fashion show clapping for your amazing designs and then you knowing you chose the right one. Fashion Designing is my career I chose. A Fashion Designer is a person who creates original clothing and accessories. They also have to pick out fabrics and buttons. I chose this career because my mom wanted to do this and she couldn t because she got pregnant with me and she had brought the idea to my head. So I did some research for the following topicsRead MoreTextiles Hsc External Internal and Factors and Contemporary Designers Essay Questions1617 Words   |  7 Pages1) Factors that influence the success or failure of designers include both internal and external factors. Identify and describe two internal and external factors. Internal factors: Expertise Designers may develop their skills by completing courses at TAFE or university in design and / or manufacture. Other designers are self-taught and gain their skills through on-the-job training. Depending on the size of the company, designers may work alone or collaborate as a member of a team working towardsRead MoreYves Saint Laurents Life Of Becoming A Fashion Designer1392 Words   |  6 Pagesmother took him to Paris to officially pursue his dreams of becoming a fashion designer. He enrolled in to a stint fashion school, but that was short live when he won a design contest. Due to winning that fashion design contest he was given the opportunity to meet Vogue editor Michel da Brunhoff. Vogue was so impress with his designs that they not only took published his them, but Yves and showed the designs to a designer and fashion icon, Christian Dior. Dior loved the designs that were places uponRead MoreZara Is A Modern Day Fashion Business Model960 Words   |  4 Pagesan unconvention al approach in their business model. Zara is one of the largest international fashion companies which belongs to the distribution group called inditex. They sell well made relatively cheap pieces of clothing that is always cut according to the latest fashion designed. Their customers are the heart of their designs, productions, distribution and sales. Just like all fashion companies, their primary goal is to be the number one fashion retailer. To obtain that success, their new businessRead MoreFashion Trends And The Fashion Industry1087 Words   |  5 Pagesfashion industry generates an average of $20 billion each year. Fashion designers are the heart of the fashion world. The fashion industry has grown to popularity by dominating the worldwide economy, media, workplace, and everyday life. Clothing trends have changed over the last century due to historical events and the evolution of technology. With the gift of creativity and skill of constructing clothing, fashion designers comp lete a degree in designing, research past trends, predict future trendsRead MoreRalph Lauren1612 Words   |  7 PagesRalph Lauren Fashion Designer Ralph Lauren has become the epitome of classic fashion. Ralph Lauren (born Ralph Lifschitz on October 14, 1939) is an American fashion designer and business executive. The first image-maker, according to New York magazine, Lauren is one of the fashion industrys biggest hitters. But Lauren studied business science and served his time in the army before breaking into fashion. Born and raised in the Bronx, New York, by his parents who had emigrated from Belarus. HeRead MoreSewing Is An Art That I Have It1557 Words   |  7 Pageskey for following trends in the market. Or one could create collections from inspirations from their everyday lives. From the cultures they have come across, places they have visited, or from art that gets their creative flows going. After a designer gathers an initial idea, they try out multiple fabrics and produce their first prototype. Models play a big role, because they show how the design fits first hand. â€Å"Although most designers fi rst sketch their designs by hand, many now also sketch theirRead MoreTom Ford Bio1474 Words   |  6 PagesLeah Schroeder 3/27/13 Fash 8 TOM FORD Tom Ford is a visionary. A creator. A businessman. An artist. He is everything it takes to be a successful entrepreneur and designer. His ambition and persistence has led him to be one of the most influential designers in fashion. Thomas Carlyle Ford was born on August 27, 1961 in Austin Texas. His parents Tom Ford Sr. and Shirley Bunton both worked as real estate agents so Ford spent a lot of time with his grandparents on their ranch in BrownwoodRead MoreFootwear Design Of Shoes And Shoes1223 Words   |  5 Pagesanother form of fashion designing but with shoes. Footwear design includes the design of shoes and creation of shoes and several other types and styles. Footwear designing allows people to show and express their creativity through shoes. Footwear designers use art and creativity through shoes to influence the world. I believe that I have new ideas that would make an impact on the world through fashion. ​ According to Shoe History and Facts, â€Å"Advancements in the science industry and fashion enabled

Hurricane Mitch free essay sample

This paper discusses the devastating effects of Hurricane Mitch that hit the Central American nations in October 1998. The following paper looks at the devastating effects of Hurricane Mitch and examines how the shocks are still being felt to this day in Central America. The author contends that no matter how much we progress against the rage of nature we are unprotected. From the paper: The calamity that hit the Central American nations in October 1998 took suffering to a new height. Though an accurate toll is still hard to calculateand as many as 10,000 people were estimated to be dead in the battered countries of Nicaragua and Honduras, while as many as 2 million may be were made homeless after the relentless rains of Hurricane Mitch. In much lesser degrees, calamity also visited El Salvador and Guatemala. In all, the storm wrought $3 billion in damagemore than half the combined Nicaraguan and Honduran gross domestic productsand devastated at least two-thirds of those countries public infrastructure. We will write a custom essay sample on Hurricane Mitch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Five People You Meet in Heaven free essay sample

When Eddie was a child, he played at Ruby Pier every day with his older brother and friends. He began working there as a teenager under the supervision of his father. After he returned from his stint in the army he resumed his life at the pier. His father died and he had to support his mother and give up his dreams of becoming an engineer. Later, Eddie got married to Marguerite. They lived their lives happily until Eddie’s 39th birthday, when Marguerite was involved in a car accident that landed her in the hospital for several months. After she was released, doctors found that she had a brain tumor. Marguerite died a few years later. Eddie lived the rest of his life in remote solitude, keeping his job at Ruby Pier to keep him busy. He hobbled around the pier on his titanium-filled knee. It is here that he meets his ultimate end attempting to save the life of a little girl about to die on a broken ride. We will write a custom essay sample on The Five People You Meet in Heaven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eddies first meeting in Heaven harkens back to the days of his youth, playing at Ruby Pier as a young boy. Running to retrieve a ball thrown into the street one day, he stepped in front of a car, causing the driver to swerve and crash. In Heaven, it is revealed that the driver was â€Å"The Blue Man,† or Joseph Corvelzchik. As a young man, embarrassed by incontinence, Joseph had resorted to a primitive medicinal measure. This caused his skin to turn blue and lost him his job. Eventually he found employment at Ruby Pier, where he was considered as the best freak in the entire show. The Blue Man explains that when Eddie retrieved his ball from the street, the sudden stop had given him a heart attack. While he harbors no ill will toward Eddie for this, they are connected to each other in Heaven because Eddie affected his life from that point on. The second person Eddie meets is The Captain, Eddies commanding officer in the Philippines during World War II. In life, the Captain had made a promise to his troops: No man gets left behind. He makes good on this promise one day by saving Eddies life, shortly after which he is killed by a land mine. His lesson was about sacrifices. Ruby is the third person Eddie meets. As a young woman, Rubys husband Emile sought to capture her eternal youth and the happiness of their marriage by building an amusement park in her name: Ruby Pier. Ruby recounts to Eddie the fateful story of the near-complete destruction of Ruby Pier: for Independence Day, Emile hired extra workers and used fireworks to draw extra customers. However, some of the â€Å"roustabouts† were drinking one night and began setting off fireworks, causing a fire that almost burned the entire pier to the ground. In a frantic attempt to save his life’s work, Emile tried to extinguish the fire with buckets of water. In the process he was critically injured and ended up in the same hospital room with Eddie’s father. Because of this, she is able to recount to him his father’s final living moments. Ruby helps Eddie understand the importance of forgiveness. Eddies fourth meeting is with Marguerite, his wife. Eddie recalls their life together, simple but happy, until the events of Eddies 39th birthday. That day he won $800 at the track and called Marguerite to tell her the good news. She did not respond positively. Out of spite Eddie put all his winnings on the next race. Marguerite then attempted to drive to the track to apologize for yelling at him on his birthday, but she never made it — instead, a terrible car accident put her in the hospital. After that tragic event, Eddie and Marguerites marriage changed. They often sat in silence that was permeated by sullen tension. As time passed, however, they were eventually able to overcome their emotional disconnection and became loving companions once again. However, only a few years later, Marguerite died of a brain tumor. In Heaven, Marguerite teaches him about their love, bringing him consolation; Eddie had felt as though she had been taken from him too early and that their love was torn to pieces. During the war, Eddie was held captive in the Philippines by a troop of Japanese soldiers. After he and his fellow captives were able to escape, he set fire to their barracks. As he watched a straw hut burn to the ground, he thought he saw the shape of a small child inside and thought he heard screaming. Unsure if what he saw was real or a hallucination, he tried to run into the hut to save the child but was stopped, shot in the leg by his captain, thus saving Eddies life. After talking with his Captain, Eddie believes he did have a hallucination and there was no child. The girl in the hut was Tala, and she is the fifth person Eddie meets in heaven. She teaches him that he had a big role in keeping people safe at Ruby Pier and should know that his life was useful in many ways. He washes her in a pond with a magical rock that wipes away her burns from the fire and her skin becomes freshly clean. Eventually, Eddie drifts away to his own personal heaven: Ruby Pier; filled with all the people born and unborn who were saved thanks to Eddies watchful eye when it came to maintaining rides. He reunites with Marguerite atop a ferris wheel, where he waits for a girl that he saved before he died.

Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2 Essays

Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2 Essays Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2 Essay Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2 Essay Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2 2013 ? Australian Legal Studies Course Semester Two Tutorial Format 1 session of 1. 5 hours duration per week There is one tutorial session each week and each session will focus on topics from the previous weeks lecture. For example, in week 2 the tutorial will discuss topics covered in the lecture for week 1. The topics for each weeks lecture and the reading you are expected to do for that lecture are set out in the â€Å"Outline and Reading Guide†. As well as reading from the set textbooks you also need to read the additional readings and resource materials for each unit. These materials are located in the separate Legal Studies Supplementary Material booklet which accompanies this Tutorial Program. The questions which you will discuss or present in your tutorials are listed in this Tutorial Program. Before each tutorial you must complete the suggested reading for that week and then prepare formal, written answers to the questions. You are expected to take an active part in these tutorials by discussing the topics and by raising questions. You will also be given regular writing and a team oral task to complete in tutorials and are expected to refer to decided cases in your answers. It is essential that you prepare for these tutorials by completing both the reading and writing tasks. This will ensure your success in the program. UNSW Foundation Studies 1 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Australian Legal Studies Course Outcomes Rationale Australian Legal Studies introduces students to the Australian constitutional and legal framework. It assumes no previous knowledge. The course examines some detail of the major topic areas that students can expect to encounter at undergraduate level. Students will gain a clear awareness of the important institutions and processes in the Australian and Global legal environment and be exposed to current political and legal issues. Content Outcomes At the end of the course successful students will have developed an: ? understanding of the origins and sources of Australian and International law ? understanding of comparative legal systems and the responses of domestic law to global challenges ? awareness of how cultural differences impact upon the legal system ? appreciation of the impact of law on everyday life and on business operations understanding of basic legal terminology and concepts ? ability to analyse legal cases and apply the law to a range of situations ? awareness of the complexity of legal issues in the global business environment and in the world of e-commerce ? awareness of a variety of dispute resolution processes in Australia and from a global perspective UNSW Foundation Studies 2 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Skill s Outcomes At the end of the course successful students should be: ? competent in both oral and written English language communication skills required for successful undergraduate study proficient in using a range of communication technologies ? able to think critically and analyse problem solving questions in legal studies ? able to engage in independent and reflective learning ? proficient in locating and using information from a variety of sources ? able to work in groups and teams ? familiar with teaching and learning styles at Australian universities ? able to behave ethically and take responsibility for their own actions and educational outcomes ? effective at task and time management ? aware of different cultures and understand alternative viewpoints UNSW Foundation Studies 3 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Student Assessment in Australian Legal Studies Standard Program Assessment schedule Item Duration Weighting Semester 1 exam 1. 5 hours 30% Final exam (Sem. 2 topics only) 2. 5 hours 60% Tutorial Preparation Participation Full year 10 % (2 x 5%) UNSW Foundation Studies 4 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Semester 1 Exam Weighting: 30% This assessment item examines all units from Semester One. Normally a semester examination consists of multiple choice items and short written responses similar to those asked as tutorial questions. The semester exam covers semester 1 units only. Final Exam Weighting: 60% This Examination covers all units from Semester Two. Normally the Final Examination consists of multiple choice questions, short written responses and longer essay answers. The final exam covers semester 2 units only. Tutorial Preparation/Participation Weighting: 10 %( 2x 5 % per semester) Marks are allocated according to a variety of criteria relating to students overall tutorial performance. Some of these criteria might include: ? the quality of written answers prepared for tutorials and quality of graded writing tasks; ? individual oral presentations on particular tutorial questions as nominated by the tutor; ? o-operation and willingness to participate in and at times lead discussion on particular tutorial questions as nominated by the tutor ? evidence of completion of the required and additional reading; ? punctuality and attendance UNSW Foundation Studies 5 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Australian Legal Studies Oral Presentation Student Feedback Sheet Student name / tutorial gro up: Grading Criteria Excellent Very Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Organisation Evidence of planning Content Relevant and accurate Quality Explanation of legal issues and concepts Discussion Facilitated and responded to class questions Delivery Confidence, clarity, resources used Time Frame Kept within time limit 5-10 min Additional Comments by Tutor: Overall Grade: Date: Signature of Tutor: UNSW Foundation Studies 6 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Required Textbooks KEY TO REFERENCES Alderson P (2006) Legal Dictionary for Australians,2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Note: Students are expected to make ongoing use of their dictionary. Carvan, John (2010) Understanding the Australian Legal System 6th ed. Lawbook Co. Sydney Chew Charles YC (2008) Business Law Guidebook 1st ed Oxford Melbourne Australia Australian Legal Studies Supplementary Material RELEVANT eo. gov. au (Parliamentary Education office) aph. gov. au (Australian Parliament House) hcourt. gov. au (High Court of Australia) austlii. edu. au (Aust. Legal Information Institute) lawlink. nsw. gov. au (NSW Courts and Tribunals) ipaustralia. gov. au (Intellectual Property Australia) ahtcc. gov. au (Aust. High Tech. Crime Centre) acia. org. au (Aust. Centre Internation al Commercial Arbitration) law. unsw. edu. au/centres/klc( Kingsford legal centre UNSW) comlaw. gov. au (Commercial law) business. ov. au ( Business Law) australiancontractlaw. com (contract aw) flyingsolo. com. au ( sole traders) UNSW Foundation Studies 7 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Semester 2 Outline and Reading Guide Unit Lecture topics Reading for Tutorials 1 Introduction to Commercial Law Legal framework for the operation of a business Alternative business structures Obligations of business owners Chew ch 9 Carvan p. 194-198 SM Corporations Law Concept of legal personality and the corporate veil ( Salomon case) Advantages and disadvantages of Incorporation Role and responsibility of company directors (ASIC v Adler) Remedies for breach of duty 3 Negligence 1 Tort of negligence –Donoghue v Stevenson Duty of care-neighbour principle Standard of care reasonable person test Causation but for test Remoteness of damage 4 Chew ch. 8 Carvan ch. 8 SM Negligence 11 Liability for negligent misstatement and pure economic loss Liability of professional advisers Vicarious liability Defences-Contributory negligence Voluntary assumption of risk 5 Chew ch’s 10 11 Carvan p. 194-198 SM Chew ch. 8 Carvan ch. 8 SM Contracts I Nature of contract law Elements of a contract Offer and acceptance Competition and Consumer Act UNSW Foundation Studies Chew ch. 2 Carvan ch. 7 SM ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Unit Lecture topics 6 Reading for Tutorials Contracts II Intention to create legal relations Consideration Remedies for breach of contract 7 International Sales Contracts 1 Contracts and International Trade Vienna Convention of CISG How to negotiate and carry out an export contract 8 SM International Sales Contracts 11 Case Studies Choice of Law rules Proper Law Private International law 9 SM Resolving Business Disputes ADR methods used in commercial disputes Case Study-International business dispute 10 Chew ch. 7 Carvan p. 85-87 Intellectual Property Law Intellectual Property (IP) concepts IP protection- Aust. and International UGG boots case study 11 SM Carvan p. 201-204 E-Commerce and the Law Case Study- Gutnick v Dow Jones Legal Challenges for the future e. g. identity theft Contracting on-line Cybercrime- defamation, fraud, piracy. 12 13 Chew ch’s 34 Carvan ch. 7 SM Chew ch. 7 SM Revision Revision units for Exams M. C. essay writing skills Review of Sample Exams Sample Exam Booklet Final Exam UNSW Foundation Studies 9 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 1 Introduction to Commercial Law Week 2 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. commercial law business entity sole trader partnership franchise company Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What is the scope of commercial law? How do business and the law work together? (Give an example) 2. Mr. Lee wants to establish a construction business. He seeks your advice about different types of business structures. What are the alternative business structures he may consider? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following alternative business structures? ? Sole trader ? Partnerships ? Franchise . When establishing a business, what are some of the legal obligations of a business owner? Writing Task What is commercial law? Explain some of the legal obligations of the business owner when establishing and operating business. Student Presentation: Question 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 10 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 2 Corporations law Week 3 The following terms and concepts mu st be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. corporation corporate personality limited liability unlimited liability corporate veil fiduciary relationship shareholder irector perpetual succession Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation? 2. Discuss the legal principle of the corporate veil and in your answer refer to the case of Salomon v Salomon Co. Ltd (1897) UK. 3. When would the court lift or ignore the corporate veil? (give examples in your answer) 4. Explain the duties of Mr. Lee as a director of Lee Constructions Ltd. What remedies could the court impose for a breach of these duties? (In your answer refer to ASIC v Adler (2002) Writing Task What is the corporate veil? Explain the circumstances under which the corporate veil could be lifted. (In your answer refer to a decided case) Student Presentation: Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 11 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 3 Negligence 1 Week 4 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. tort negligence duty of care standard of care â€Å"reasonable (person) test† causation â€Å"but for test† remoteness of damage defence Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. Explain the elements of negligence. 2. Discuss the element of duty of care developed in the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Refer to Lord Atkin’s definition of â€Å"Who is my neighbour†? 3. Mr. Lee was having a business lunch at a hotel in Sydney with a client who bought him a can of beer. After drinking some of its contents, he found a fly in the can. When he saw it, he became quite ill. He decides to sue for compensation. The manufacturer claims that it does not owe the man any duty of care because it did not sell the drink to him. Instead the publican should be liable because he sold the can to him. (i) Identify the type of tort and relevant precedent case. (ii) If you were the judge, what decision would you make in this case? Explain the ratio of your decision. What are the possible civil defences? (iii) 4. Explain the element of breach of duty with reference to the following cases: Bolton v Stone and Paris v Stepney Borough Council Writing Task What is negligence? Explain briefly the elements which the plaintiff must prove to be successful in a negligence action. (In your answer refer to decided cases) Student Presentation: Question 3 UNSW Foundation Studies 12 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 4 Negligence 11 Week 5 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. negligent misstatement pure economic loss contributory negligence voluntary assumption of risk vicarious liability Mr. Lee has, for many years, operated a construction business in Sydney. He decided to expand his business but realised that to do so he would need to borrow a significant amount of money. Mr. Lee went to his local branch of the Oright Bank to ask for a loan. He spoke to Barlow, the branch manager. The Oright Bank has an established practice of giving free financial advice to members of the public. Barlow advised Mr. Lee that the Oright Bank would not grant him a loan and that in any event Mr. Lees best course of action would be to borrow Swiss francs from the Bank of Geneva. The Bank of Geneva was lending Swiss francs at a much lower rate than Mr. Lee would have to pay if he borrowed Australian dollars. Acting on this advice, Mr. Lee borrowed one hundred thousand Swiss francs from the Bank of Geneva. Soon after Mr. Lee took out his loan the Australian dollar fell heavily against the Swiss franc. As a result of that fall, Mr. Lee must now repay, in dollar terms, twice as much as his original loan. Mr. Lee now claims that Barlow was negligent in not warning him of the risks of currency fluctuation and in not advising him to take out insurance to protect himself from those risks. He wishes to take legal action against the Oright Bank to recover his loss. Write a report to advise Mr. Lee of his chances of success based on the tort of negligence. (In your answer refer to decided cases such as Hedley Byrne, Shaddock, Esanda. ) You will need to consider these issues: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Is the Oright Bank liable for damage caused by Barlows negligence? Did Mr. Lee suffer pure economic loss? Does the Oright Bank owe Mr. Lee a duty of care? If so, has the Bank breached its duty? If so, did the banks breach cause Mr. Lee’s loss? Is Mr. Lee’s loss too remote? What are possible defences which the Oright bank can argue? Writing Task (Mandatory): Connie case (provided by tutor) Student Presentation: None UNSW Foundation Studies 13 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 5 Contracts 1 Week 6 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. offer acceptance agreement contract invitation to treat breach Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. Identify and discuss the essential elements of a valid contract. (In your answer distinguish between simple and formal contracts under seal) 2. Explain the rules of offer and acceptance. (In your answer distinguish between an offer and an invitation to treat) 3. Analyse the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 1893. Discuss the facts, issue, arguments of both sides and decision in this case. Consider the relevance of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (previously the Trade Practices Act) S18 if the case was being heard today. 4. Mr. Lee sees the following advertisement in a magazine: â€Å"Use Hair Loss Restorer daily for 10 weeks and your hair will regrow to its original thickness, if not a full refund is guaranteed! † Mr. Lee purchases the product, uses it as directed, however his hair continues to fall out! He claims a refund but the company refuses to pay. Advise Mr. Lee as to his rights under the Law of Contract. (In your answer refer to one decided case) Writing Task: Bargain Stores case study (provided by the tutor) Student Presentation: Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 14 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 6 Contracts 11 Week 7 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. intention to create legal relations consideration remedy damages specific performance Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. How important is intention to enter into legal relations in contracts? Refer to Balfour v Balfour (1919) and Merritt v Merritt (1970) in your answer. 2. Explain the difference between adequate and sufficient consideration. Refer to decided cases. 3. Where there has been a breach of contract, what remedies are available to the innocent party? Refer to examples in your answer) 4. Mr. Lee has lost his dog and has placed an advertisement in the local newspaper offering to pay a reward of $50 to anyone who finds his dog, Spot. Bob, who has not seen the advertisement, finds Spot. He reads Spot’s collar and returns the dog to Mr. Lee. Is Bob entitled to the reward? Don has also lost his dog an d similarly places an advertisement notifying a reward. He offers $100 for the return of his dog, Fido. Harry, the local dog catcher (whose job involves retrieving and impounding stray dogs and promptly notifying their owners), sees the advertisement. Later Harry finds Fido and returns him to Don. Is Harry entitled to the reward? Writing Task Coming of Age Designs case study (provided by tutor) Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 15 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 7 International Sales Contracts 1 Week 8 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. proper law Vienna Sales Convention(CISG) conflict of laws private International Law Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What are the 3 basic legal questions for Mr. Lee to consider when entering into a contract with an overseas supplier of machinery for his construction company? 2. What are the aims and main provisions of the Vienna Sales Convention (CISG)? 3. Explain the different types of contracts which can be used for international sales of goods and services. 4. Explain the special features of international sales contracts. (In your answer refer to examples) Writing Task What is an international sales contract? Explain briefly the basic legal questions which must be considered when entering into an international sales contract. Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 6 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 8 International Sales Contracts 11 Week 9 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. fundamental breach damages letter of credit nachfrist notice Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What are t he key issues to consider when problem solving a dispute over an international sales contract? 2. Discuss the following cases in terms of proper law of the contract: Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping v Fay (1988) Amin Rasheed Shipping Corp. v Kuwait Ins Co (1984) 3. Explain the possible remedies for a breach of an international sales contract. 4. Lee Constructions Ltd. an Australian company, entered into a contract with Cologne Park Pty. Ltd. a German manufacturer of cranes, to purchase two new machines. The parties agreed that the payment would be by letter of credit but at the time of shipment the buyer had not obtained any letter of credit. Advise the seller as to their legal rights. Writing Task: Jill and Wen case study (provided by the tutor) Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 3 UNSW Foundation Studies 17 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 9 Resolving Business Disputes Week 10 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) Negotiation Mediation Conciliation Arbitration Independent expert appraisal Litigation Aust. Commercial Disputes Centre (ACDC) Aust. Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA) Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What is a commercial dispute? (In your answer refer to examples) 2. Lee Constructions Ltd. has a dispute with a supplier of concrete which is necessary to complete a new building in the city. He may experience a loss of $5 million if the building is not completed on time. Outline possible methods which could be used to settle this dispute. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ADR methods when used in the resolution of a consumer dispute between a landlord and a tenant? 4. What would be some of the problems of using litigation to settle an international commercial dispute? What are the advantages of Arbitration? Writing Task What is ADR? What would be some of the problems of using litigation to settle a consumer dispute between a builder and a customer? Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 18 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 10 Intellectual Property Law Week 11 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. intellectual property (IP) copyright trademark trade secret patent registered design IP Australia infringement Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What is Intellectual property? Give examples of different types. (In your answer refer to the UGG BOOT case study) 2. How can an effective intellectual property management strategy give Lee Constructions a competitive advantage? . Lee Constructions have expanded operations overseas and seek advice about international IP protection. How can the company protect its IP assets overseas? 4. Lee Constructions Ltd. have launched ? a new trademark, ? a new chemical which quick dries poured concrete, ? a new aluminium pylon, ? a software package for a design of buildings. Advise the com pany as to how it can prevent competitors from copying these IP assets. What possible remedies may be available for infringement? Writing Task How can an effective IP strategy improve the market share and profit of a company? Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 4 Internet Sites ipaustralia. gov. au copyright. org. au wipo. org UNSW Foundation Studies 19 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 11 E- Commerce the Law Week 12 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. cybercrime defamation fraud contracts on-line identity theft Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form 1. Mr. Lee is a victim of ‘identity theft’ and has money withdrawn from his bank accounts without his knowledge. How does the law in Australia deal with these types of offences? . Discuss the legal issue in Gutnick v Dow Jones Co Inc (2002) and possible legal remedies. 3. Why is increasing use of the internet providing legal challenges to business? (give examples in your answer) 4. When engaging in e-commerce, what issues should be considered when entering into contracts on-line? Writing Task Explain the legal issue and significance of the decision in Gut nick v Dow Jones Co. Inc. Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 20 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 12 13 Revision Week 13 Revision ? Review of sample examinations ? Multiple choice questions Exam essay writing ? Using precedents UNSW Foundation Studies 21 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 22 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 UNSW Foundation Studies UNSW Foundation Studies UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Telephone: 61 2 9385 5396 Facsimile: 61 2 9662 2651 Email: foundation. [emailprotected] edu. au Web: www. ufs. unsw. edu. au UNSW Foundation Studies is an education group of UNSW Global Pty Limited, a not-for-profit provider of education, training and consulting services and a wholly owned enterprise of the University of New South Wales ABN 62 086 418 582 CRICOS

How Frosts, Freezes, and Hard Freezes Differ

How Frosts, Freezes, and Hard Freezes Differ Just as  the sprouting of tender green leaves is considered one of  the  first signs of spring,  the first frost of the cool season signals that fall has officially settled in  and that  winter isnt far behind. How Frost Forms Look for frost to form when these atmospheric conditions are present: clear nighttime sky conditions,at or below freezing air temperatures at the surface, andcalm winds (speeds less than 5 mph (1.6 km/h)). Clear skies and calm winds allow for daytime heating to escape the Earths surface. This heat out into the upper atmosphere and outer space. Whats known as a temperature inversion layer forms (temperatures increase rather than decrease as one travels upward in the air), and allows cold air to settle near the ground. As the ground temperatures cool to below freezing, what water vapor resides in the air ices up onto exposed surfaces thus forming frost. The terms frost  and freeze  are usually  mentioned together, however,  they describe two very  different happenings. Freezes Imply Lows Near 32 F A freeze means that widespread temperatures are expected to fall to or below the freezing mark (32  °F). A hard freeze implies that widespread temperatures are forecast to fall below freezing (most NWS offices use 28  °F as the threshold criteria) for long enough to seriously damage or kill seasonal vegetation. For this reason, hard freezes have earned the monicker killing frosts. A hard freeze usually occurs when a cold air mass moves into an area and brings temperatures of  32 °F or below. This  freezing cold air is often blown by winds, or  advected,  into an area, and may, therefore, be associated with light or variable wind speeds.   Frosts Imply Lows Near 32 F and Moist Ground Air Frost, on the other hand, has to do with  the formation of ice crystals on the ground and  on other surfaces. It occurs  in the absence of wind, and the  freezing  temperatures are the result of radiational cooling.  Whereas freezes have to do with air temperature alone, any weather alert having to do with frost not only implies that temperatures are expected to be 33 to 36  °F, but also that the amount of moisture residing in the air at these temperatures is adequate for frost formation near the surface.  Ã‚   Can a Freeze Occur Without Frost Forming? Yes, freezes can happen even if a frost doesnt. This seems odd since it takes colder temperatures (at least 32 degrees) to get a freeze. It seems like youd get a frost (which requires temperatures of 33 to 36 degrees) first. It would make sense that moisture would frost before freezing except that frost is less likely to form when the dew point temperature falls below the mid-20s. This is because, at such cold temperatures, there just isnt enough moisture in the air for significant frost formation despite the fact that cold enough temperatures are in place to support it. Frost Freeze Weather Safety The majority of individuals dont notice frost, except when it forms on their  car windows  and  delays their morning departure by several  minutes time. However, agriculturists and farmers consider  it is a critical weather event. This is because  most plants (except a few varieties that  actually need a hard freeze to coax seeds into germination)  are extremely sensitive to it. A frost too early,  or too late,  in the growing season can result in crop failure and a shortage of food supply. There are a number of ways to protect against frost damage, including: Cover  plants. When plants are covered, frost can settle on a barrier rather than on the vegetation directly. For this reason, plants not in direct contact with the covering material have the highest level of protection. Woven fabrics, such as sheets, work best and can offer 2 ° to 5 °F of added warmth. Potted plants should be covered or brought indoors.Irrigate  the soil and plant leaves  before the frost arrives.  This might sound strange considering water will freeze when the  temperature drops, but rest assured there is a method to this madness.  Moist soil is capable of holding up to four times more heat than dry soil. Likewise, if fruit trees have begun their yield, spraying the outside skin with water can actually help keep internal temperatures above freezing by allow the outside to freeze and create an insulating barrier.Keep plants watered to fight off drying from cold winds.Bring pets indoors whenever extreme cold is expected.Cover exposed pipes and outdoor faucets to discourage freezing. When to Expect Your First Frost/Freeze To find the average date of the first fall (and last spring) frost for your area, use this  frost and freeze data product, courtesy of the  National Climatic Data Center.  (To use, choose your state, then locate the city nearest you.)

Q & A Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Q & A - Coursework Example The boy sets out with a desire to fill the world with the music of his flute and his songs. Though his first encounter with the brown eyed girl is in accordance with innocence and his naive perceptions of beauty, it also acquaints him with the inseparable parts of love, pain and longing. For the first time, he encounters the necessity of making a tough choice between following the girl and continuing his journey. This is also his first encounter with the darker emotions of life, although in a milder form. The next part of the story can be interpreted in two ways. Assuming that the old boatman is the boy reminiscing about his past, his encounter with the brown eyed girl is not a single event but a metaphor of all moments of simple, unadulterated joy treasured by him. The memories of the girl are, in comparison with his present situation, used to raise the question of authenticity. His next encounter with the old man can be viewed in two different ways. First, the old man introducing t he then unknown feelings of sadness to the boy and his later desertion of the boat may represent the eternal cycle of life and death where all old forms of life must make place for the new ones. Since the author uses the boat in the river, it denotes the transition of the young man over years.